Eecs 151 berkeley

Biography. Prof. Nikolic received the Dipl.Ing. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Belgrade, Serbia, in 1992 and 1994, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of California at Davis in 1999. He lectured electronics courses at the University of Belgrade from 1992 to 1996.

I greatly enjoyed teaching EECS 16A and EECS 16B for 7 semesters, and am hoping to continue teaching at Stanford. In Fall 2020, my partner and I won the EECS 151 FPGA Lab Outstanding Project Design Award for our RISC-V Processor Design, and I placed as a top 3 finalist for my EE 140 2-stage LCD Driver (Analog Amplifier) Design. Both ...University of California, BerkeleyFor Windows, just install Vivado like any other program. For Linux, set the execute bit chmod +x Xilinx_Unified_2021.1_0610_2318_Lin64.bin and execute the script ./Xilinx_Unified_2021.1_0610_2318_Lin64.bin. In the installer, select "Vivado" in the "Select Product to Install" screen, pick "Vivado ML Standard" in the "Select Edition ...EECS 151/251A, Fall 2019 Brian Zimmer, Nathan Narevsky, and John Wright Modified by Arya Reais-Parsi and Cem Yalcin (2019) ... RISC-V is a new instruction set architecture (ISA) developed here at UC Berkeley. It was originally developed for computer architecture research and education purposes, but recently there has been a ...Keep to the Rules of Thumb •Sequential Logic: Use non-blocking assignments •Combinational Logic: Use blocking assignments •You can always break up your sequential logic into combinational and sequential componentsThe Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (EECS) at UC Berkeley offers one of the strongest research and instructional programs in this field anywhere in the world. ... EECS 151: 001: LEC: Introduction to Digital Design and Integrated Circuits: John Wawrzynek Kevin Joshua Anderson: MoWe 14:00-15:29: Soda 306: 15831: EECS ...

EECS 151/251A Homework 8 Instructor: Prof. John Wawrzynek, TAs: Christopher Yarp, Arya Reais-Parsi Due Monday, Apr 15th, 2019 Problem 1:Power Distribution [10pts]This includes problem sets, answers on exams, lab exercise checks, project design, and any required course turn-in material. Also, if you knowingly aid in cheating, you are guilty. We have software that compares your submitted work to others. However, it is okay to discuss with others lab exercises and the project (obviously, okay to work with ...University of California, BerkeleyLet’s make the pulse window 1024 cycles of the 125 MHz clock. This gives us 10 bits of resolution, and gives a PWM frequency of 125MHz / 1024 = 122 kHz which is much greater than the filter cutoff. Implement the circuit in src/dac.v to drive the pwm output based on the code input. Assuming clock cycles are 0-indexed, the code is the clock ...University of California, BerkeleyEECS 151/251A FPGA Lab Lab 2: Introduction to FPGA Development + Creating a Tone Generator. Prof. John Wawrzynek, Nicholas Weaver TAs: Arya Reais-Parsi, Taehwan Kim Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley. 1 Before You Start This Lab.Introduction to Digital Design and Integrated Circuits. Aug 23 2023 - Dec 08 2023. M. 1:00 pm - 1:59 pm. Wheeler 20. Class #: 28223. Units: 3. Instruction Mode: In-Person Instruction. Offered through Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences. Current Enrollment section closed. Total Open Seats: 9. Enrolled: 30. Waitlisted: 0. Capacity: 39.In this project, we investigated the ability of Trans- former models to perform in-context learning on linear dynamical systems. We first experimented with Transformers trained …

The Berkeley Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences major (EECS), offered through the College of Engineering, combines fundamentals of computer science and electrical engineering in one major. Note that students wishing to study computer science at UC Berkeley have two different major options: The EECS major leads to the Bachelor of ... inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~eecs151 Bora Nikolić EECS151 : Introduction to Digital Design and ICs Lecture 23 - SRAM. EECS151 L23 SRAM. Nikolić Fall 2021 1. Intel's Process Roadmap to 2025: with 4nm, 3nm, 20A and 18A!? Ian Cutress, Anandtech, July 2021Tan Nguyen (2020) Harrison Liew (2020) Sean Huang (2021) Daniel Grubb, Nayiri Krzysztofowicz, Zhaokai Liu (2021) Dima Nikiforov (2022) Roger Hsiao (2022) Hyeong-Seok Oh, Ken Ho, Rahul Kumar, Rohan Kumar, Chengyi Lux Zhang (2023) EECS 151 ASIC Lab 5: Parallelization and Routing.EECS 151/251A Homework 5 6 3 Voltage Transfer Characteristic (VTC) Using the transistor-as-a-switch model, write transition points in the voltage transfer characteristic for the circuit below. You will eventually recognize this as half of a 6T CMOS SRAM bit-cell. Assume that jV th;pj = V th;n = V DD=4 and that R on;p = R on;n. For example, if ...College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 1 Before you start this lab Run git pull in fpga labs fa20. Copy the modules you created in the previous lab to this lab: cd fpga_labs_fa20 ... EECS 151/251A FPGA Lab 6: FIFOs, UART Piano 4 edge on which rd_en was asserted • output empty - When this signal is high, the FIFO is empty.Final Checkoff. The final checkoff will be done in person in Cory 111 during a 20 minute appointment per team during RRR week. We will send a signup sheet for appointment times through Piazza the week before RRR week. Make sure you come to your appointment prepared:

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The fully qualified DNS name (FQDN) of your machine is then eda-X.eecs.berkeley.edu or c111-X.eecs.berkeley.edu. For example, if you select machine eda-3, the FQDN would be eda-3.eecs.berkeley.edu. You can use any lab machine, but our lab machines aren't very powerful; if everyone uses the same one, everyone will find that their jobs perform ...Overview. In the course so far, you have learnt the basics of using Verilog to describe hardware at the register-transfer-level (RTL). If you find it necessary, take some time to review the Verilog Primer Slides before doing this lab. There are several other Verilog references in the Resources Section of the course website that may be helpful.. In this …EE 141. Introduction to Digital Integrated Circuits. Course objectives: This course covers the electrical characteristics of digital integrated circuits. Students will learn how to find the logic levels, noise margins, power consumption, and propagation delays of digital integrated circuits based on scaled CMOS technologies. Topics covered:To run these longer tests you can run the following commands, like in checkpoint #3: make sim-rtl test_bmark=all. You may need to increase the number of cycles for timeout for some of the longer tests (like sum, replace and cachetest) to pass. Back to top. EECS 151 ASIC Project: RISC-V Processor Design.Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Courses. Terms offered: Fall 2024, Summer 2024 8 Week Session, Spring 2024 This course is a follow-on to EECS 16A, and focuses on the fundamentals of designing and building modern information devices and systems that interface with the real world.The course sequence provides a comprehensive introduction to core EECS topics in machine learning ...University of California, Berkeley

Dual-port Memory. Doutb. 1 read or write per cycle limits processor performance. Complicates pipelining. Difficult for different instructions to simultaneously read or write regfile. Common arrangement in pipelined CPUs is 2 read ports and 1 write port. •. disk or network interface. I/O data buffering:EECS 151/251A Final Exam Information Exam Date: May 14th, 2021 The exam will be a \take home exam" and take place Friday May 14, 7{10PM. The exam comprises a set of questions with 1 point per expected minute of completion with a total of approximately 120 points. 251A stu-dents will be asked to complete extra questions. All students are allowedDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science EECS 151/251A, Fall 2020 Brian Zimmer, Nathan Narevsky, and John Wright ... RISC-V is an instruction set architecture (ISA) developed here at UC Berkeley. It was originally developed for computer architecture research and education purposes, but recently there has been aVerilog: always @ Blocks Chris Fletcher UC Berkeley Version 0.2008.9.4 August 27, 2009 1 Introduction Sections 1.1 to 1.6 discuss always@ blocks in Verilog, and when to use the two major flavors of always@ block, namely the always@( * ) and always@(posedge Clock) block. 1.1 always@ Blocks always@ blocks are used to describe events that should happen under certain conditions. always@ blocksEECS 151/251A Homework 1 Due Friday, Sept 10th, 2021 SubmityouranswersdirectlyontheassignmentonGradescope. Problem 1: Logic Warm-up Identify the Boolean logic ...EECS 151/251A Homework 4 Due Friday, Oct 2nd, 2020 Midterm Practice [1 pt] Beforeyoustarttherestofthishomeworkassignment,pleasepracticethemechanicsofthemidtermTo declare, student should submit the attached form once they have four or more of the minor requirements completed (your grades may still be pending). A minimum grade point average (GPA) of 2.0 is required to apply for the minor. Submit to: Grayson Johnston, EECS Center for Student Affairs, 205 Cory Hall, [email protected].

We’ll be holding our Tune-Ups at our regular time of Mondays, 12 - 1 pm in Chávez 151, and just for RRR Week we’re adding a time on Thursday, 5/2, 12 ... 📧 Email - …

EECS 151/251A Homework 1 Due Monday, Feb 1th, 2021 Problem 1: Pareto Optimal Frontier Johndidadesignspaceexplorationforhisdesignofadigitalwidgetandcameupwiththefollowinginst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~eecs151 Bora Nikolić EECS151 : Introduction to Digital Design and ICs Lecture 13 - CMOS Logic. EECS151 L12 CMOS2. Nikolić Fall 2021 1. EETimes. Qualcomm Takes on Nvidia for MLPerf Inference Title. October 1, 2021, EETimes, Sally Ward-Foxton - The latest round of MLPerfRunning the testbench. Note that both mem_controller_tb.v and system_tb.v require a correct fifo to interface with the memory controller. If you see all tests passed, proceed to testing the system level. If the simulation doesn’t finish (gets stuck), press ctrl+c and type quit, then open up the dve tool to check the waveform.EECS 151/251A, Spring 2023 Home Outline Resources Ed Gradescope Archives. Introduction to Digital Design and Integrated Circuits. ... dvaish at berkeley dot edu: Daniel Endraws: daniel.endraws at berkeley dot edu: Resources. RISC-V Green Card; 61C Reference; IEEE 1364-2005 Verilog-Standard; EECS 151/251A FPGA Lab Lab 1: Getting Set Up Prof. Sophia Shao TAs: Harrison Liew, Charles Hong, Jingyi Xu, Kareem Ahmad, Zhenghan Lin Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 1 Setting Up Accounts 1.1 Course website and Piazza EECS 151? : r/berkeley. r/berkeley. • 2 yr. ago. Sunflwr122. EECS 151? CS/EECS. Was wondering how difficult EECS 151 is? I'm pretty comfortable with risc-v assembly and really enjoyed cs61c. I would be taking CS 189 with it, plus a science and a breadth. Also, which lab type would you recommend? Appreciate any advice or experiences! 9. 4 Share.EECS 151/251A Final Exam Information Exam Date: May 14th, 2021 The exam will be a \take home exam" and take place Friday May 14, 7{10PM. The exam comprises a set of questions with 1 point per expected minute of completion with a total of approximately 120 points. 251A stu-dents will be asked to complete extra questions. All students are allowedLet's make the pulse window 1024 cycles of the 125 MHz clock. This gives us 10 bits of resolution, and gives a PWM frequency of 125MHz / 1024 = 122 kHz which is much greater than the filter cutoff. Implement the circuit in src/dac.v to drive the pwm output based on the code input. Assuming clock cycles are 0-indexed, the code is the clock ...

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EECS 151/251A Homework 5 Due Friday, October 7th, 2022 11:59PM Problem 1: Pipelined Design Hereisadiagramthatshowstimingofdatapathstagesforbothsingle ...EECS 151/251A Homework 6 Due Friday, Oct 23rd, 2020 Problem 1: Complementary CMOS [8 pts] (a ...EECS 151/251A ASIC Project Specification RISC-V Processor Design: Overview. Prof. Bora Nikolic TAs: Daniel Grubb, Nayiri Krzysztofowicz, Zhaokai Liu Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 1. Introduction.EECS151/251AHomework4Solution 2 iii.Wouldusingaddiinstructionstillworkifthesymbolis0xEEC5151? Ifnot,whatbase instruction(s)shouldweusetomakela x1, symbol workhere? iv ...EECS 151/251A Homework 6 Due Friday, April 1st, 2022 Problem 1: Not So Much Effort Consider a NAND3 gate that drives one of the input of a NAND2 gate: For this problem, assume you have a reference inverter with WP = WN = 1 and = =. This technology has ≡ = 1.5. (a) Assume PMOS has unit size ("1"). Draw the transistor-level schematic for theEECS 151/251A Discussion 9 04/20/2018. Announcements That extra discussion with Taehwan will be in one week Location/time TBA, slides will be available if you can't make it. Homework 11 out by Sunday. Agenda By request: Booth's recoding Multipliers LFSRsUC Berkeley students designed and built the first VLSI reduced instruction-set computer in 1981. The simplified instructions of RISC-I reduced the hardware for instruction decode and control, which enabled a flat 32-bit address space, a large set of registers, and pipelined execution. A good match to C programs and the Unix operating system ...EECS 151/251A Final Review: Important Topics 3 { Binary up/down counter design • Shifters and Cross-bar switch circuits • Implementation of LFSRs • Memory { Register Files, Caches and FIFOs { SRAM organization, arrays, decoders, read-out circuits, cells { Multiple ports { DRAM cell and read-write operationUniversity of California, Berkeley ….

EECS151/251AHomework2 Due Monday, Feb 8th, 2021 ForthisHWAssignment YouwillbeaskedtowriteseveralVerilogmodulesaspartofthisHWassignment. Youwillneed to test your ...EECS 151/251A ASIC Lab 2: Simulation Written by Nathan Narevsky (2014, 2017) and Brian Zimmer (2014) Modi ed by John Wright (2015, 2016) and Arya Reais-Parsi (2019) ... hpse-15.eecs.berkeley.eduif you are having trouble with the c125mmachines. Take this opportunity to download the VCS user guide from the eecs151 class-account homeEECS 151/251A Homework 5 Due Friday, October 7th, 2022 11:59PM Problem 1: Pipelined Design Hereisadiagramthatshowstimingofdatapathstagesforbothsingle ...EECS 151/251A ASIC Lab 6: Power and Timing Veri cation 4 as a binary le greatly reduces the le size for large designs, but unfortunately means that it is no longer human-readable. The fact that the lename has the word max in it indicates that it is the worst case parasitics, which is what we would be concerned about for the critical path.EECS 151/251A Project Specfication Introduction. The goal of this project is to familiarize EECS151/251A students with the methods and tools of digital design. Working in a team of two, you will design and implement a 3-stage pipelined RISC-V CPU with a UART for tethering.Oct 6, 2020 ... Include the K-map in your solution. (c) How many unique truth tables are there with m inputs and n outputs? Answer: Page 3. EECS 151/251A Fall ...EECS 151/251A Homework 8 Due Monday, April 17, 2023 Problem 1: Memory Composition Neatlydrawablockdiagramfora2048×64 single-portRAMusing1024×32 single-portRAMs.EECS 151/251A, Spring 2020 Brian Zimmer, Nathan Narevsky, and John Wright Modified by Arya Reais-Parsi and Cem Yalcin (2019), Tan Nguyen (2020) ... RISC-V is a new instruction set architecture (ISA) developed here at UC Berkeley. It was originally developed for computer architecture research and education purposes, but recently there has been ...Trevor Darrell. Professor in Residence 8010 Berkeley Way West; [email protected] ... EECS, Berkeley; 1987, B.Tech., EE, IIT Kanpur ... EECS 151. Introduction ... University of California, Berkeley Eecs 151 berkeley, EECS 151/251A FPGA Lab Lab 4: Debouncers, Finite State Machines, Synchronous Resets, Synchronous RAM, Testbench Techniques, Hex Keypads Prof. John Wawrzynek, Nicholas Weaver TAs: Arya Reais-Parsi, Taehwan Kim Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Contents, Prof. Nikolic received the Dipl.Ing. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Belgrade, Serbia, in 1992 and 1994, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of California at Davis in 1999. He lectured electronics courses at the University of Belgrade from 1992 to 1996., just look up 151 on EECS 101 piazza From a quick search: 151 - Digital integrated circuits + VLSI introduction 2-in-1 combo value deal! Used to be two separate classes, EE 141/241A and CS 150, but each of these courses was only moderately difficult and they covered relatively similar concepts, so the department decided to combine them to make instruction on the part of the professors (and ..., EECS151/251AHomework6 5 For t p 0 = 0.69(2R nC g): Forthe2-inputNAND,wesizetheNMOStobe4/3 andPMOStobe2/3 tomaketheinput capacitance match the unit-sized inverter’s of 2C g. ..., London is a city filled with history, culture, and hidden gems waiting to be explored. Whether you’re a local or a visitor, navigating the city’s vast transportation network can so..., 1.2 Getting an EECS 151 Account All students enrolled in the FPGA lab are required to get a EECS 151 class account to login to the workstations in lab. This semester, you can get a class account by using the webapp here: https://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/webacct Once you login using your CalNet ID, you can click on 'Get a new account' in the ..., EECS 151/251A. Spring 2020. Digital Design and. Integrated Circuits. Instructor: John ... http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~eecs151/sp20/. ▫ Lecture notes and video ..., Type the following command: make sim-gl-par. EECS 151/251A ASIC Lab 5: Parallelization and Routing 4 This will use the same testbench, but will now use the post-PAR netlist of your design, back- annotated with delays and parasitics from PAR. Make sure to adjust the CLOCK PERIOD variable in sim-gl-par.yml to match the clock period you obtained ..., EECS 151/251A Discussion 6 Ken Ho Last updated 10/02/23. FA19, MT1 (Logic) FA19, MT1 (FSM) Follow-up Question: What kind of machine is this? Follow-up Question: How many registers do we need to maintain state? FA19, MT1 (FSM) Clarification: Only draw the logic relating to out, you may ignore CL0-3., Also listed as: PHYSICS C191, CHEM C191. Class Schedule (Spring 2023): TuTh 11:00-12:29, Genetics & Plant Bio 100 - Ashok Ajoy, Geoffrey Penington, Ozgur Sahin, Umesh VAZIRANI, Yunchao Liu. Class homepage on inst.eecs. Course objectives: Introduction to quantum physics from a computational and information viewpoint., EECS 151 at the University of California, Berkeley (Berkeley) in Berkeley, California. An introduction to digital and system design. The material provides a top-down view of the principles, components, and methodologies for large scale digital system design., Verilog: Brief History. . Originated at Automated Integrated Design Systems (renamed Gateway) in 1985. Acquired by Cadence in 1989. Invented as simulation language. Synthesis was an afterthought. Many of the basic techniques for synthesis were developed at Berkeley in the 80’s and applied commercially in the 90’s. , University of California at Berkeley College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science EECS 151/251A, Spring 2020 Brian Zimmer, Nathan Narevsky, and John Wright Modified by Arya Reais-Parsi and Cem Yalcin (2019), Tan Nguyen (2020) Project Specification EECS 151/251A RISC-V Processor Design Contents 1 Introduction 2, Recording. 1. On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem (pg 1-20 incl.) 2. Cramming more components onto integrated circuits. 3. Memory Hierarchy. Worksheet / Slides / Video. Thu., To achieve this, columns are "folded" into smaller columns (and more rows). Consider an SRAM with 2M bits per word and 2N words. Consider a fold such that each row now contains 2K words. Find: Keeping the same capacity, how many rows and columns are there now. Solution: 2N-K rows (N-K), 2M+K columns (M+K), At the end of EECS 151 •Should be able to build a complex digital system Berkeley chip in 2021 of IEEE Solid-State Circuits Conference EECS151/251A L01 INTRODUCTION 9 The Tapeout Class (EE194/290C) • In Spring 2021, 19 students completed a 28nm chip design in a semester (14 weeks) • Just returned from fabrication , EECS151/251AHomework6 5 For t p 0 = 0.69(2R nC g): Forthe2-inputNAND,wesizetheNMOStobe4/3 andPMOStobe2/3 tomaketheinput capacitance match the unit-sized inverter’s of 2C g. ..., EECS 151/251A Homework 6 Due Friday, Oct 23rd, 2020 Problem 1: Complementary CMOS [8 pts] (a ..., inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~eecs151 Bora Nikolić EECS151/251A : Introduction to Digital Design and ICs Lecture 11 – FPGAs EECS151 L11 FPGAS 1 Jony Ive is reportedly developing an AI gadget with OpenAI’s Sam Altman The two are reportedly discussing what the ‘new hardware for the AI age could look like.’ Altman recently worked with Ive, EECS 151/251A FPGA Lab Lab 1: Getting Set Up Prof. Sophia Shao TAs: Harrison Liew, Charles Hong, Jingyi Xu, Kareem Ahmad, Zhenghan Lin ... Others such as eda-1.eecs.berkeley.eduthrough eda-8.eecs.berkeley.eduare also available for remote login. Not all lab workstations will necessarily be available at a given time, so try a, inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~eecs151 Bora Nikoliü EECS151 : Introduction to Digital Design and ICs Lecture 5 – Verilog III EECS151/251A L05 VERILOG III 1 HotChips 33 Mojo Lens - AR Contact Lenses for Real People Michael Wiemer and Renaldi Winoto, Mojo Vision Review •Verilog is the most-commonly used HDL •We have seen combinatorial constructs, The final project for this class will be a VLSI implementation of a RISC-V (pronounced risk-five) CPU. RISC-V is an instruction set architecture (ISA) developed here at UC Berkeley. It was originally developed for computer architecture research and education purposes, but recently there has been a push towards commercialization and industry ..., EECS 151/251A Spring 2023 Digital Design and Integrated Circuits Instructor: Wawrzynek Lecture 3: Verilog 1: Combinational Logic Circuits. EE141 Outline ... Developed at UC Berkeley Used in CS152, CS250 Available at: www.chisel-lang.org 8. EE141 Verilog Introduction. EE141, A new study from UC Berkeley, BU, Yale, and Maryland founds that rich democrats don't care about economic equality any more than rich republicans do. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree ..., EECS 151LBField-Programmable Gate Array Laboratory2 Units. EECS C206AIntroduction to Robotics4 Units. EECS C206BRobotic Manipulation and Interaction4 Units. EECS …, University of California, Berkeley, EECS 151/251A FPGA Lab Lab 1: Getting Set Up and Familiarizing Yourself with Tools Prof. John Wawrzynek TAs: Christopher Yarp, Arya Reais-Parsi Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 1 Setting Up Accounts 1.1 Course website and Piazza, EECS 151/251A HW PROBLEM 3: LOVE $$$ Problem 3: Love $$$ Part a) You are given several options for implementing a 32KB cache, and decide to explore the effect of cache associativity on performance. Rank each of the following designs (ranking the best performing as 1st) for each of the metrics listed below. If equivalent, give the same, EECS 16A 4 # EECS 16B 4 CS 61A 4 CS 61B or 61BL 4 CS 61C or 61CL 4 Upper Division Requirements Course Units Grade Note EECS (minimum 20 units)┼ Design #: One course from: EE C106A, C106B, C128, 130, 140, 143, C149, 192; CS C149, 160, 161, 162, 164, 169, 182, 184, 186; EECS 149, 151+151LA, 151+151LB, Testbenches are how you simulate a design. They set up the inputs and check the outputs of the submodule that you are trying to test. If you look at the fir_tb.v file in the src/ folder, there are a few important parts that you will need to understand in order to write your own testbench. The first important piece is generating the clock waveform., This includes problem sets, answers on exams, lab exercise checks, project design, and any required course turn-in material. Also, if you knowingly aid in cheating, you are guilty. We have software that compares your submitted work to others. However, it is okay to discuss with others lab exercises and the project (obviously, okay to work with ..., Formats: Spring: 4.0 hours of lecture and 1.0 hours of discussion per week. Grading basis: letter. Final exam status: Written final exam conducted during the scheduled final exam period. Class Schedule (Spring 2024): EECS 251B – TuTh 09:30-10:59, Cory 521 – Borivoje Nikolic. Class homepage on inst.eecs., Identify where the X/Z was assigned. If a signal is assigned a value that is a function of other signals which have X/Z values, the X's/Z's will propagate. Repeat this process until you find the signal that provides the initial X's/Z's. Fix the issue by giving this signal an initial value (usually by assigning it a value when reset is ...