How long is bacteriostatic water good for

Step 1: Use the larger "mixing syringe" and draw the provided bacteriostatic water up to the correct mark on the syringe. Mixing syringes are either 5ml or 10ml sterile syringes. Prescribed Sermorelin vial Amount of bacteriostatic water to add 3 mg vial Add 3ml = 1mg per ml 9mg vial Add 9ml = 1mg per ml 15mg vial Add 7.5ml = 2mg per ml

How long is bacteriostatic water good for. Storage and Handling of the Mixed Solution. Proper storage and handling of the mixed Semaglutide-Bacteriostatic Water solution are essential to maintain stability …

First, calculate the concentration based on the amount of water mixed with the amount of peptide powder: 10 mg reconstituted in 2 ml of water = 5 mg/ml solution. Next, let’s calculate the dosage: To draw 125 mcg from a 5000 mcg/ml solution, you will need 0.025 ml (not 2.5 UI). To draw 250 mcg, you will need 0.05 ml (not 5 UI).

ANCEF is excreted unchanged in the urine. In the first 6 hours approximately 60% of the drug is excreted in the urine and this increases to 70% to 80% within 24 hours. ANCEF achieves peak urine concentrations of approximately 2,400 mcg/mL and 4,000 mcg/mL respectively following 500-mg and 1-gram intramuscular doses.Using a sterile syringe, withdraw the desired amount of bacteriostatic water from its vial. Inject the bacteriostatic water into the vial of Tirzepatide. Gently swirl the vial to mix the contents. Do not shake vigorously. Inspect the solution for any particles or discoloration. Do not use if the solution appears cloudy or contains particles.Common tirzepatide side effects. The most common tirzepatide side effects include abdominal pain, burping, constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, fatigue, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hair loss, hypersensitivity reactions, injection site reactions, nausea, and vomiting, which affects 5% or more patients.Understanding the shelf life of the mixed Semaglutide-Bacteriostatic Water solution is crucial for timely administration and maintaining medication efficacy. Once the Semaglutide solution is mixed with Bacteriostatic Water, it remains stable for up to 8 weeks when stored in the refrigerator between 36 F to 46 F (2 C to 8 C).Bacteriostatic water for injection is a USP (United States Pharmacopeia) approved solution that contains additives, such as benzyl alcohol, which acts as a preservative in multiple dose containers. The distribution of this preservative-free sterile water is primarily used in the preparation of parenteral drug products.Sterile Water for Injection - Clinical Pharmacology. Water is an essential constituent of all body tissues and accounts for approximately 70% of total body weight. Average normal adult daily requirement ranges from two to three liters (1.0 to 1.5 liters each for insensible water loss by perspiration and urine production).Posted by u/Recursatron - 4 votes and 4 comments

A bacteriostatic treatment is a substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria and prevents the formation of harmful mold and fungIt is essential for maintaining a clean and healthy humidifier. However, commercial bacteriostatic treatments can be expensive and contain chemicals that may not be safe for long-term use.10mg vial pt-141 peptide lyophilized (5 injections) 30ml Bacteriostatic Water refrigerated at 40 degrees. Reconstitute: The Bacteriostatic water and the peptide to be reconstituted should be at room temperature. Wipe down the top of your vials with the alcohol wipe. Use your syringe and pull 10ml bacteriostatic from that vial.Allpure Syringe Filter - 25mm | 0.45μm | PDVF (5 pack) $6.65. $50.85. $48.15. $84.75. $79.05. Our selection of bacteriostatic water for sale is offered in single vials or convenient packets. Buy online now at Westend Medical and secure your order today!Many scientists use bacteriostatic water in their experiments. This type of water for injection is a non-pyrogenic water that contains 0.9% benzyl alcohol, which acts as a bacteriostatic agent. This makes it so bacteria cannot grow, which is why it can be used over and over again throughout a month. $19.95 $16.95.PURPOSE. This ITG will cover the different types of water used in the manufacture of drug products. THE 8 TYPES OF WATER ARE: Non-potable. Potable (drinkable) water. USP purified water. USP water ...

Answer: Botox mixing. Botox is typically reconstituted with normal saline (with or without preservative) and can last for likely up to 6 weeks (some think even longer) when refrigerated. Most busy and successful practices will use up their Botox within 1-3 days. Helpful. 1 person found this helpful.It usually comes with a vial of about 1 to 1.5 cc of bacteriostatic water. It also comes as two vials, one vial with no water. There is a 1500iu versions of the above as well. When mixing your HCG remember that is the stated shelf life is 8 weeks (60 days), it will last longer, maybe up to 16 weeks but it will louse potency.SOLU-MEDROL Sterile Powder is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid, which contains methylprednisolone sodium succinate as the active ingredient. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate, USP, is the sodium succinate ester of methylprednisolone, and it occurs as a white, or nearly white, odorless hygroscopic, amorphous solid. Use a lengthy needle (an insulin syringe) to get the water contents in the vial. Use bacteriostatic water for injection if you are planning to store the diluted medication for more than twenty-four hours. The normal dosage for dilution is 1-2ml water for shots per vial. Remove the plastic from the package of somatropin.

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Methods: Fifteen sterile 1 L bags of 0.9% sodium chloride solution were randomly selected for this experiment. Five bags were refrigerated at an average temperature of 5.2°C, 5 bags were heated at an average temperature of 39.2°C, and 5 bags were stored at an average room temperature of 21.8°C to serve as controls.How long I can use bacteriostatic water? I use it before 4 weeks, and I keep it outside the fridge at normal room temperature. Can I use it again? How can I know it is still good? Any advice from more experienced? I use it before 4 weeks, and I keep it outside the fridge at normal room temperature. Can I use it again?few months and it will all be there basically. Just keep away from sunlight.Bacteriostatic Water (bacteriostatic water for injection) is a highly purified, sterilized water containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol that is used to dilute or dissolve medications to the appropriate consistency for injection. Bacteriostatic water (BW) has a pH of about 5.7. The container can be re-entered multiple times (usually by a sterile needle ...

Deals at this store. 30 N MICHIGAN AVE CHICAGO, IL 60602. Today's Hours. Store & Photo. Open until 10pm. Pharmacy. Closed today • Opens at 10am. Find another store.Jan 27, 2017 · Bac water has an extremely long shelf life. We are talking like 10-20 years. The benzyl alcohol in the bac water makes it last theoretically forever. You have nothing to worry about. Just store it in a cool dry place away from direct sunlight. Sterile water (SW) for injection vials are commercially available in sizes ranging from 5 mL to 100 mL. Most, if not all, of these presentations are on back order with resupply dates ranging from late January to March 2018. The shortage of SW for injection vials has increased the demand for SW for injection bags ranging in size from 250 mL to ...Bacteriostatic water, insulin syringes, and sterile vials are just some of the items that qualified researchers need to have on hand for proper PT-141 reconstitution. Access to supplies can be a challenge and research deterrent, requiring hours of searching for products from around the web. However, it is required.I would stick to buying BAC water from your peptide supplier instead of amazon. But yeah as long as its sterile and properly sealed It doesn't matter what its called. 4. I need to rehydrate some BPC, but when I look for bacteriostatic water on Amazon, it takes me directly to "reconstitution solution." If both items….No. Bacteriostatic water for injection is a sterile water containing between .9% & 1.1% benzyl alcohol as a bacteriostatic preservative used to dilute or dissolve drugs for injection. Reconstitution solution could mean anything. Bac water on the other hand is a very specific thing.Here are some tips on how to store bacteriostatic water: Keep it in a cool, dark place. Light and heat can degrade the water and make it less effective. A cool, dark pantry or cabinet is ideal. Avoid freezing. Freezing can damage the sterile integrity of the water, so it should not be stored in the freezer. Don’t shake the vial.PURPOSE. This ITG will cover the different types of water used in the manufacture of drug products. THE 8 TYPES OF WATER ARE: Non-potable. Potable (drinkable) water. USP purified water. USP water ...Many scientists use bacteriostatic water in their experiments. This type of water for injection is a non-pyrogenic water that contains 0.9% benzyl alcohol, which acts as a bacteriostatic agent. This makes it so bacteria cannot grow, which is why it can be used over and over again throughout a month. $19.95 $16.95.

When using bacteriostatic water for injection, reconstituted solutions are stable for up to 14 days under refrigeration (2 to 8 degrees C; 36 to 46 degrees F).Beside above, how long is sterile water good for? If put together correctly the empty bottles and bottles with sterile water will be safe for 24 hours.

Then we can determine the weekly dosage based on the phase 2 study data and calculate the number of vials required. 1. Concentration Calculation: - 5 mg of Retatrutide is reconstituted in 2 mL of water, resulting in a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL. - Convert this to mcg/mL: 2.5 mg/mL = 2500 mcg/mL. 2. Weekly Dosage in mcg (for a 4 mg Dose):2. Sterile water or bacteriostatic water 3. Syringe and needle 4. Alcohol wipes 5. Sterile vial (for mixing) 6. Ice pack. Steps to Injecting AOD 9604. Follow these steps for a safe and successful injection: 1. Preparation of AOD 9604 Solution: Begin by washing your hands thoroughly. Using the alcohol wipe, sterilize the top of the AOD 9604 vial ...1For single-dose vaccine products (exceptions: Rotarix, Vaxchora), select a syringe and needle of proper length to be used for both reconstitution and administration of the vaccine. For Rotarix and Vaxchora, see the package insert. 2Before reconstituting, check labels on both the. lyophilized vaccine vial and the diluent to verify that. Sterile water (SW) for injection vials are commercially available in sizes ranging from 5 mL to 100 mL. Most, if not all, of these presentations are on back order with resupply dates ranging from late January to March 2018. The shortage of SW for injection vials has increased the demand for SW for injection bags ranging in size from 250 mL to ... Model 9082, 'sterile' bacteriostatic preservative for use in portable eyewash stations. One 5 oz. (148 ml) bottle will preserve 5 to 20 gallons (18.9 to ...Despite sharing a few similarities, these water sources are not equivalent to sterile water. Sterile water simply put is purified, distilled water with no preservatives or added and no microbial growth. It is also nonpyrogenic, meaning that it won’t cause fevers when in use. The pH or acidity level of sterile water is between 5.0 to 7.0.Bac Water PSA. First: Test your bac water! The pH should be between 4.5 and 7, the closer to 5.7 the better. Yesterday someone tested their water from one of the big suppliers in China, and it was 8.9! This can cause injection site reactions and can potentially degrade/destroy the peptide it's reconstituted with.Bacteriostatic water serves as a crucial component in laboratories, hospitals, and research institutions across the globe, functioning as a potent bacteriostatic agent. These agents have played an integral role in modern medicine's history, preventing bacterial growth within an array of solutions, vials, receptacles, and instruments.mL diluent (Bacteriostatic Water for Injection containing 1.5% benzyl alcohol as a preservative). After reconstitution of the lyophilized powder, the solution has a concentration of 5 mg/mL ... • Long-term treatment of pediatric patients who have growth failure due to an inadequateI keep my opened ones in the fridge. Unopened in cabinet. Not that it really matters. It'll last a long ass time. You'll use it all before it goes bad. x2. It has benzyl alcohol in it to prevent bacteria growth. As long as you use it properly it should last a long time. 08-06-2013, 07:58 PM #6.

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Use it within 28 days of opening. Once the vial is opened, it should be used within 28 days to ensure maximum potency. Discard if expired. If the water has expired, …I have some leftover from my previous cycle so it's about 5 months old. Is it still good to use or should I buy a fresh bottle? This is mainly for the purpose of GH reconstitution, but I will use it for HGC as well. Thanks.Some common types of antiseptics include: alcohols, such as isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol. quaternary ammonium compound. chlorhexidine and other diguanides, for use before operations ...Mixing and Injection Instructions for CJC-1295/Ipamorelin. Cap Water. Insert Mixing syringe needle into vial of bacteriostatic water and withdraw 7.5mL of solution. Gently inject bacteriostatic water into vial containing CJC/Ipa powder at an angle so that solution slides slowly down the side of the glass into the powder.If the vacuum is weak just push the bacteriostatic water in to the vial slowly. Do this 2x for the 2mg of peptide ( 1ml total bacteriostatic water in to the vial). I swirl the vial a but and let it sit for a 2-3 min to let the bacteriostatic water dissolve the peptide. I use the same syringe to draw out the peptide from the vial.Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic preparation of water for injection containing 0.9% (9 mg/mL) or 1.1% (11 mg/mL) of benzyl alcohol added as a bacteriostatic preservative. It is supplied in a multiple-dose container from which repeated withdrawals may be made to dilute or dissolve drugs for injection.109 posts · Joined 2012. #1 · Jun 9, 2013. Hey guys, I'm wondering how long a bottle of bacteriostatic water keeps for once you have opened it? I mix my HCG 5000iu vials with 5ml of bac water every 5 weeks. This is the time mixed HCG usually keeps for in the fridge. The problem is I get my bac water in 30ml bottles so if I have to chuck that ...BAC Water. $15.00. Tax excluded. Shipping calculated at checkout. Rigorous Third-Party Testing. Every batch of our research chemicals and peptides undergoes third-party testing. Money Back Guarantee. Satisfaction Guaranteed. Easy. ….

What You Need To Reconstitute Peptides. So, you will need alcohol swabs, a syringe (27-29 gauge insulin needles), the lyophilized peptide that you have ordered, and the bacteriostatic water or sterile water, depending on your preference.(I would personally recommend bacteriostatic water because of its longer shelf-life). The first step is to use the alcohol swab and wipe the vials containing ...An Error Occurred. Parking is currently unavailable. We'll be right back.It is commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes by helping to lower blood sugar levels. This article aims to provide information on how to properly mix semaglutide with bacteriostatic water, as well as the recommended amount of water to use for a 5mg dosage. Additionally, we will provide tips for ensuring the potency of semaglutide throughout its use.Combination of Antibiotics in Bactrim. Bactrim contains a combination of two antibiotics: sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. This combination is known as a sequential blockade or synergistic inhibition therapy, as the two antibiotics work together to enhance their effectiveness against a wide range of susceptible bacteria.Sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic, inhibits the bacterial ...We review evidence regarding the use of 0.9% benzyl alcohol in 0.9% sodium chloride solution for periocular injections (‘preserved saline’) including botulinum toxin A injections and local anaesthesia. A literature search was undertaken using search terms ‘bacteriostatic saline’, ‘benzyl-alcohol saline’, ‘benzyl alcohol sodium ...How long does 1 vial last? I read where reconstituted Semaglutide can only be refrigerated for like 58 days. ... So if I put 5ml of Bacteriostatic water in my 10mg ...Daptomycin for Injection is a lipopeptide antibacterial indicated for the treatment of: Complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI) in adult patients. (1.1) and, Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections (bacteremia) in adult patients including those with right-sided infective endocarditis, (1.2)Bacteriostatic Water For Injection 30ML. $ 18.14. Genuine product and straight from the supplier. Add to cart. Add to wishlist. Category: Buy Bacteriostatic Water Tags: bac water, Bacteriostatic water. Description. Long Shelf Life - Expiry Date: October 2025. Bacteriostatic water in 30ML multi-dose vial.Nov 21, 2023 · What is bacteriostatic water? Bacteriostatic water is a sterile solution that contains 0.9% benzyl alcohol. Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic organic molecule with a six-membered ring and one ... How long is bacteriostatic water good for, low blood sodium - headache, confusion, problems with thinking or memory, weakness, feeling unsteady; or. low blood cell counts - fever, chills, mouth sores, skin sores, easy bruising, unusual bleeding, pale skin, cold hands and feet, feeling light-headed or short of breath. Common Bactrim side effects may include:, Bacteriostatic water is commonly used in medical settings for diluting medications and injections, and it’s important to ensure you are getting it from reliable sources. Local pharmacies and medical supply stores are excellent options to start your search. Their knowledgeable staff can guide you in selecting the right product for your …, Bac water is sterile water with 0.9% benzyl alcohol. As long as you keep the too clean and disinfect before each use, it lasts a long ass time. Someone told me they let it sit for 2 years and it was still good. Personally the one I used had sat for 8+ months and it fine., Bacteriostatic Water is a sterile, nonpyrogenic preparation of water containing 0.9% (9 mg/mL) of benzyl alcohol added as a bacteriostatic preservative. It is ..., Step 2: Draw bacteriostatic water into your syringe. The amount of bacteriostatic water you need depends on the amount of medication in your vial. The mixing syringe is typically between 3ML and 10ML in size (it’s larger than the injection syringe). Some general numbers are as follows: 6 mg vial of Sermorelin — Mix in 3mL of bacteriostatic ... , Medicare coverage and pricing details for Bacteriostatic Water. Learn more about Medicare prescription drug plans and savings with GoodRx., Bacteriostatic Water 30ml. C$29.99 C$19.99. Add to Cart. Bacteriostatic Water, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic preparation of water for injection containing 0.9% of benzyl alcohol added as a bacteriostatic preservative. Buy with confidence for superior quality products., HGH Mixing Instruction. Use a medical alcohol wipe or pad to clean the rubber and take off the plastic cap on top of your vial. Pour in 100 markings or one ml of water using your syringe. No matter you use one or two ml of water, the overall concentration of your mixture remains the same., Generic doxycycline is available. 3. Downsides. If you are between the ages of 18 and 60, take no other medication or have no other medical conditions, side effects you are more likely to experience include: A headache, nausea, dyspepsia, joint or back pain, nasal and sinus congestion, or a rash., Step 2: Draw bacteriostatic water into your syringe. The amount of bacteriostatic water you need depends on the amount of medication in your vial. The mixing syringe is typically between 3ML and 10ML in size (it’s larger than the injection syringe). Some general numbers are as follows: 6 mg vial of Sermorelin — Mix in 3mL of bacteriostatic ..., Use a lengthy needle (an insulin syringe) to get the water contents in the vial. Use bacteriostatic water for injection if you are planning to store the diluted medication for more than twenty-four hours. The normal dosage for dilution is 1-2ml water for shots per vial. Remove the plastic from the package of somatropin., Before you begin, make sure that you have all the necessary supplies on hand, including bacteriostatic water, a sterile syringe or vial, and semaglutide. Once these supplies are gathered, follow these steps to mix the bacteriostatic water with semaglutide: 1. Start by washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water., Storage conditions: Proper storage conditions play a crucial role in extending the shelf life of bacteriostatic water. Storing it at the recommended temperature (20°C to 25°C or 68°F to 77°F), protecting it from light exposure, and minimizing air and moisture exposure can help preserve its integrity for longer periods., Often, bacteriostatic water is used, but consult reputable sources or guidelines for the most suitable choice. Sterilize the solvent if required. Mixing: Gently add the measured BPC 157 powder to the vial containing the solvent. Avoid vigorous shaking, as this can cause foaming and potential degradation of the peptide., ANCEF is excreted unchanged in the urine. In the first 6 hours approximately 60% of the drug is excreted in the urine and this increases to 70% to 80% within 24 hours. ANCEF achieves peak urine concentrations of approximately 2,400 mcg/mL and 4,000 mcg/mL respectively following 500-mg and 1-gram intramuscular doses., Answer: Period of Efficacy of Botox Vial. It depends on how the Botox is reconstituted. If preservative-free saline is used, then it does have to be used within a few hours. If bacteriostatic saline is used, then the Botox will last 2 weeks or longer. Helpful., A three-drug injection mixture of alprostadil 12.5 microgram/mL, papaverine hydrochloride 4.5 mg/mL and phentolamine mesylate 0.125 mg/mL in bacteriostatic 0.9% sodium chloride injection was evaluated for stability at 23 deg C, 4 deg C, -20 deg C and -70 deg C. The injection remained clear and colorless in all samples throughout the study ..., Is there a possibility of the mixed content,. the antibacterial water with the PT-141 drawn up in a syringe and stored in the freezer longer than 28 days? Reply reply [deleted], Dec 9, 2012. #1. I have 3 bottles of bac water, so i opened the first bottle to mix 2500 UI... its been 4 weeks and a half since i finished my first 2500 UI now i have an additional 2500 bottle and i will mix it with bac water... but is the bac water that is already opened g2g?... bottle says that it only would be good for 30 days after opened ..., Understanding the shelf life of the mixed Semaglutide-Bacteriostatic Water solution is crucial for timely administration and maintaining medication efficacy. Once the Semaglutide solution is mixed with Bacteriostatic Water, it remains stable for up to 8 weeks when stored in the refrigerator between 36 F to 46 F (2 C to 8 C)., 1For single-dose vaccine products (exceptions: Rotarix, Vaxchora), select a syringe and needle of proper length to be used for both reconstitution and administration of the vaccine. For Rotarix and Vaxchora, see the package insert. 2Before reconstituting, check labels on both the. lyophilized vaccine vial and the diluent to verify that., Reconstitute a 100 Unit or 200 Unit vial of XEOMIN with 4 mL of preservative-free 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, following instructions above. Withdraw 4 mL of preservative-free 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, into an appropriately sized syringe for 8 mL in total. Using the same syringe, draw up the 4 mL of XEOMIN solution from the ..., Sodium Chloride 0.9%, Bacteriostatic Vial () How Supplied/Storage and Handling HOW SUPPLIED Bacteriostatic 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP is supplied as: Unit of Sale Concentration NDC 0409-1966-05 0.9% (20 mL) Tray of 25 Multiple-dose Plastic Fliptop Vials NDC 0409-1966-07 0.9% (30 mL) Tray of 25 Multiple-dose, Sodium chloride. FDA PI. Print. Save. Bacteriostatic Sodium Chloride Prescribing Information. Package insert / product label. Dosage form: injection, solution. …, How long is the bacteriostatic water good for? Trying to determine if I need to preload all of my pins at once. LowT . Reply. TX_hempknight. Registered. Joined Oct 19, 2017 Messages 1,691 Reaction score 446 Points 83. Aug 31, 2018 #2 I store all my peps and bac water in a small tupperware in my mini fridge. The bac water i have has a expiration ..., Bacteriostatic water, insulin syringes, and sterile vials are just some of the items that qualified researchers need to have on hand for proper PT-141 reconstitution. Access to supplies can be a challenge and research deterrent, requiring hours of searching for products from around the web. However, it is required., Methods. Individual paralysis rates in the extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude and area were measured 1 week after injecting fresh reconstituted 2.5 MU of Botox on one side of the foot, and when the same quantity of Botox that had been refrigerated for a designated time (i.e., 72 h, or 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks) into the other side of the foot., The recommended ratio for mixing bacteriostatic water with semaglutide is 1:1. This means that for every 10mg of semaglutide, you should mix it with an equal amount of bacteriostatic water, resulting in a final volume of 20mg. Step-by-Step Mixing Instructions. To mix bacteriostatic water with semaglutide, follow these simple steps:, Honestly I've known dudes who boiled water to kinda make it sterile & shot MT2 & a few other peps and the shit worked fine , dont know how safe it was but the peptides worked 🤷🏻‍♂️. Yes it's still good. Nah. It may be good for 6 months if kept in a separate sealed container but a whole year is definitely a no., Bacteriostatic water is a sterile water that is used to dissolve and dilute medications for injection. It is also used to flush intravenous (IV) equipment between uses. The water contains a small amount of benzyl alcohol, which helps to prevent the growth of bacteria. Bacteriostatic water typically has a shelf life of two years., Bacteriostatic Water for Injection is sterile, non-pyrogenic water that contains 0.9% benzyl alcohol (9mg/mL) added as a bacteriostatic preservative. This preparation of sterile water and benzyl alcohol (BnOH) allows repeated withdrawals to be made from a single 30mL plastic vial. Hospira, the world's leading manufacturer and supplier of ..., Recommended diluent (Bacteriostatic water) contains benzyl alcohol as a preservative. 1 gram Vial —Each 16 mL (when mixed as directed) contains methylprednisolone sodium succinate equivalent to 1 gram methylprednisolone; ... If after long-term therapy the drug is to be stopped, it is recommended that it be withdrawn gradually rather than ..., 14.2: Antibacterial Drugs. Several factors are important in choosing the most appropriate antimicrobial drug therapy, including bacteriostatic versus bactericidal mechanisms, spectrum of activity, dosage and route of administration, the potential for side effects, and the potential interactions between drugs. The following discussion will focus ...